Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (English: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy — often referred to as simply the Principia) is a famous book by Isaac Newton. The book established the foundations of classical mechanics and gives the physics and mathematics of Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation based on Kepler's laws of planetary motion. The Principia is written in Latin and comprises three volumes. The 1st edition was published in 1687 with a 2nd edition in 1713 and a 3rd edition in 1726.

Quotes

Definition IVAn impressed force is an action exerted upon a body, in order to change its state, either of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line.
This force consists in the action, only, and remains no longer in the body when the action is over. For a body maintains every new state it acquires, by its inertia only. But impressed forces are of different origin, as from percussion, from pressure, from centripetal force.
- Newton's Principia for the Common Reader. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. 19. ISBN 019852675X. (analysis and commentary, with translation from the Latin, by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar; 1st edition 1995)

In the publication of this work, Edmond Halley, a man of the greatest intelligence and of universal learning, was of tremendous assistance, not only did he correct the typographical errors and see to the making of the woodcuts, but it was he who started me off on the road to this publication. For when he had obtained my demonstration of the shape of the celestial orbits, he never stopped asking me to communicate it to the Royal Society, whose subsequent encouragement and kind patronage made me begin to think about publishing it.
- "Author's Preface to the Reader". The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. University of California Press. 2014. pp. 381–383. ISBN 9781322192215. (quote from p. 383; translated from the 3rd edition of the Latin original by I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman, assisted by Julia Budenz)

Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica is indisputably one of the important and influential books ever written, yet it is scarcely read. Latin is not the problem, for translations in English and French have done little to expand its readership. Those who have attempted to read the Principia quickly recognize the problem: The geometrical style of mathematics is almost opaque to the modern reader.
- Alan E. Shapiro, (November 1996)"Translating, Elucidating and Explaining the Mathematics of Newton's Principia". Physics Today 49 (11): 81–82. DOI:10.1063/1.881562.

The first edition of Isaac Newton's famous Principia mathematica (1687) contains only one reference to the Scriptures and one mention of God and natural theology. Thus, there is superficial evidence to suggest that this pivotal work of physics is a mostly secular book that is not fundamentally associated with theology and natural theology. The fact that the General Scholium – with its overt theological and natural theological themes – was only added to the Principia a quarter-century later with the second edition of 1713 may also suggest that this theology came as an afterthought and is therefore not integral to the conceptual structure of the Principia. Moreover, the relative paucity of theology in the first edition, combined with the evidence of the appended General Scholium of 1713, could be used as evidence of a ‘theological turn’ in Newton's thought after 1687. This article uses evidence from Newton's private manuscripts to argue that there is more theology in all three editions of the Principia than a simple reading of the published text would imply.
- Stephen D. Snobelen, (2010). "The theology of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica: A preliminary survey". Neue Zeitschrift für Systematische Theologie und Religionsphilosophie: 377–412. DOI:10.1515/nzst.2010.023.