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Latin

Indo-European language of the Italic branch

Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

E Pluribus Unum. ~ Motto of the United States of America (1782–1956)

Basic LatinEdit

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 1 3 5 7 9 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 2 4 6 8 0

ExtensionsEdit

Letter Name Notes
ᴀ Small capital A Nonstandard phonetic symbol; Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1] IPA ⧸ä⧸
Ɐ ɐ ᵄ Turned A Near-open central vowel[2]
Ɑ ɑ ᵅ Alpha (script A) IPA (open back unrounded vowel); Duka, Fe'fe, Manenguba, Medumba, Tigon, Tawellemmet Berber; cf. Greek: Α α
ꬰ Barred alpha Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
አ ኡ ኢ ኣ ኤ እ ኦ ኧ አአ አኡ አኢ አኣ አኤ አእ አኦ አኧ ኡአ ኡኡ ኡኢ ኡኣ ኡኤ ኡእ ኡኦ ኡኧ ኢአ ኢኡ ኢኢ ኢኣ ኢኤ ኢእ ኢኦ ኢኧ ኣአ ኣኡ ኣኢ ኣኣ ኣኤ ኣእ ኣኦ ኣኧ ኤአ ኤኡ ኤኢ ኤኣ ኤኤ ኤእ ኤኦ ኤኧ እአ እኡ እኢ እኤ እእ እኦ እኧ ኦአ ኦኡ ኦኢ ኦኣ ኦኤ ኦእ ኦኦ ኦኧ ኧአ ኧኡ ኧኢ ኧኣ ኧኤ ኧእ ኧኦ ኧኧ Attacker A Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
አ ኡ ኢ ኣ ኤ እ ኦ ኧ አአ አኡ አኢ አኣ አኤ አእ አኦ አኧ ኡአ ኡኡ ኡኢ ኡኣ ኡኤ ኡእ ኡኦ ኡኧ ኢአ ኢኡ ኢኢ ኢኣ ኢኤ ኢእ ኢኦ ኢኧ ኣአ ኣኡ ኣኢ ኣኣ ኣኤ ኣእ ኣኦ ኣኧ ኤአ ኤኡ ኤኢ ኤኣ ኤኤ ኤእ ኤኦ ኤኧ እአ እኡ እኢ እኤ እእ እኦ እኧ ኦአ ኦኡ ኦኢ ኦኣ ኦኤ ኦእ ኦኦ ኦኧ ኧአ ኧኡ ኧኢ ኧኣ ኧኤ ኧእ ኧኦ ኧኧ Script Attacker A Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
አ ኡ ኢ ኣ ኤ እ ኦ ኧ አአ አኡ አኢ አኣ አኤ አእ አኦ አኧ ኡአ ኡኡ ኡኢ ኡኣ ኡኤ ኡእ ኡኦ ኡኧ ኢአ ኢኡ ኢኢ ኢኣ ኢኤ ኢእ ኢኦ ኢኧ ኣአ ኣኡ ኣኢ ኣኣ ኣኤ ኣእ ኣኦ ኣኧ ኤአ ኤኡ ኤኢ ኤኣ ኤኤ ኤእ ኤኦ ኤኧ እአ እኡ እኢ እኤ እእ እኦ እኧ ኦአ ኦኡ ኦኢ ኦኣ ኦኤ ኦእ ኦኦ ኦኧ ኧአ ኧኡ ኧኢ ኧኣ ኧኤ ኧእ ኧኦ ኧኧ Refused Attacker A Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
አ ኡ ኢ ኣ ኤ እ ኦ ኧ አአ አኡ አኢ አኣ አኤ አእ አኦ አኧ ኡአ ኡኡ ኡኢ ኡኣ ኡኤ ኡእ ኡኦ ኡኧ ኢአ ኢኡ ኢኢ ኢኣ ኢኤ ኢእ ኢኦ ኢኧ ኣአ ኣኡ ኣኢ ኣኣ ኣኤ ኣእ ኣኦ ኣኧ ኤአ ኤኡ ኤኢ ኤኣ ኤኤ ኤእ ኤኦ ኤኧ እአ እኡ እኢ እኤ እእ እኦ እኧ ኦአ ኦኡ ኦኢ ኦኣ ኦኤ ኦእ ኦኦ ኦኧ ኧአ ኧኡ ኧኢ ኧኣ ኧኤ ኧእ ኧኦ ኧኧ Unfused Attacker A Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
[[Latin alpha|span style="Template:MirrorH">አ ኡ ኢ ኣ ኤ እ ኦ ኧ አአ አኡ አኢ አኣ አኤ አእ አኦ አኧ ኡአ ኡኡ ኡኢ ኡኣ ኡኤ ኡእ ኡኦ ኡኧ ኢአ ኢኡ ኢኢ ኢኣ ኢኤ ኢእ ኢኦ ኢኧ ኣአ ኣኡ ኣኢ ኣኣ ኣኤ ኣእ ኣኦ ኣኧ ኤአ ኤኡ ኤኢ ኤኣ ኤኤ ኤእ ኤኦ ኤኧ እአ እኡ እኢ እኤ እእ እኦ እኧ ኦአ ኦኡ ኦኢ ኦኣ ኦኤ ኦእ ኦኦ ኦኧ ኧአ ኧኡ ኧኢ ኧኣ ኧኤ ኧእ ኧኦ ኧኧ]] Reversed Attacker A Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭤ Inverted alpha (Inverted script a) Americanist phonetics[4]
Ɒ ɒ ᶛ Turned alpha (turned script A) IPA (open back rounded vowel)[5]
ʙ    𐞄 Small capital B IPA (Bilabial trill); UPA (partially voiced bilabial stop); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
ᴃ ᴯ Small capital barred B Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
Ꞗ ꞗ B with flourish Middle Vietnamese[7]
Ꞵ ꞵ Beta Voiced bilabial fricative; Template:Ill
ም ሚ ማ ሜ ም ፙ ሟ መ ሙ ሚ ማ ሜ ም ፙ ሟ መ ሙ መመ መሙ መሚ መማ መሜ መሞ መፙ መሟ Attacker B Voiced bilabial fricative; Template:Ill
ᴄ Small capital C Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
Ↄ ↄ Reversed C Claudian letters[8]
ꓛ Open Reversed C Claudian letters[8]
Ꭓ ꭓ Chi Lepsius Standard Alphabet; Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭕ Chi with low left serif Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ር ረ ሩ ሪ ራ ሬ ር ፘ ሯ Attacker C Voiced bilabial fricative; Template:Ill
ꭔ Chi with low right ring Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
Ð ð ᶞ Eth IPA (voiced dental fricative); Icelandic, Elfdalian and Faroese, Old English, African languages (not pronounced in Faroese)
Ꟈ ꟈ D with short stroke overlay Used for tau gallicum in Gaulish[9]
Ꝺ ꝺ Insular D Used in various phonetic contexts[2]
ᴅ Small capital D UPA (partially devoiced alveolar stop)[1]
ᴆ Small capital eth Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ꝱ Dum Medieval abbreviation[8]
ẟ Delta Medieval Welsh, cf. Greek: Δ δ[8]
ᴇ Small capital E Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ꬲ Blackletter E Jakob Vetsch’s phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꬳ Barred E Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꬴ E with flourish Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
Ǝ ᴲ ǝ Turned E Anii, Awing, Bafia, Bangolan, Cibak, Dza, Gwak, Huba, Ikposo, Karekare, Kanuri, Kemezung, Kwanja, Kwasio, Lama (Togo), Lamang, Lukpa, Mbula-Bwazza, Mfumte, Mundang, Mundani, Ngizim, Pinyin language, Pan-Nigerian alphabet, Tamasheq, Turka, Yom
ⱻ Small capital turned E UPA
Ə ə ₔ ᵊ Schwa IPA (mid-central vowel); Azerbaijani letter, Bafut, Berber, Bissa, Bulu (Cameroon), Bura-Pabir, Daba, Dan, Dazaga, Ewondo, Fe'fe, Gude, Kamwe, Kasem, Kpelle, Kwanja, Lamnso', Lyélé, Mada (Nigeria), Makaa, Manengumba, Meta', Mofu-Gudur, Mundani, Ngas, Nuni, Parkwa, Accented Slovenian, Socoro, Tarok, Tedaga, Timne, Vengo, Vute, Yamba, Yom, Zulgo-Gemzek. It was used in the Zhuang language from 1957 to 1986. cf. Cyrillic: Ә ә
Ɛ ɛ ᵋ Open E (Epsilon) IPA (open-mid front unrounded vowel); Abidji, Adangme, Adele, Adioukrou, Agatu, Aghem, Ahanta, Aja (Benin), Akan, Akoose, Anii, Anufo, Anyin, Avatime, Ayizo Gbe, Baatonum, Bafia, Bafut, Baka (Cameroon), Baoulé, Bariba, Bambara, Bandi, Baoulé, Basa (Cameroon and Nigeria), Berber, Bhele, Bisa, Boko (Benin), Budu, Busa, Cerma, Cibak, Dagara, Dan, Dendi (Benin), Dii, Dinka, Duala, Dyula, Ewe, Ewondo, Gikyode, Igo, Ikposo, Kako, Kemezung, Kwanja, Lika, Lingala, Maasai, Mandi, Manenguba, Mangbetu, Mbelime, Medumba, Mundani, Nawdm, Ngiemboon, Ngomba, Noni, Nuer, Nyang, Pana, Pinyin language, Shilha, Tamazight, Tigon, Turka, Wuzlam, Yambasa, and Yoruba (Benin); cf. Greek: Ε ε
ɘ 𐞎 Reversed E IPA (close-mid central unrounded vowel); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
Ɜ ɜ ᶟ Reversed open E (Reversed Epsilon) IPA (open-mid central unrounded vowel)[7]
ɞ 𐞏 Closed reversed open E (closed reversed epsilon) IPA (open-mid central rounded vowel); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
ʚ Closed open E (closed epsilon) IPA (misprinted version of ɞ (open-mid central rounded vowel); alternative for œ)
ᴈ ᵌ Turned open E Uralic Phonetic Alphabet;[1] IPA (legacy symbol, alternative to Ɜ ɜ)
ɤ 𐞑 Ram's horn (baby gamma) IPA (close-mid back unrounded vowel); Dan, Goo; Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
Ꝼ ꝼ Insular F Used in Norse and Old English contexts[2]
ꜰ Small capital F Medievalist addition[8]
Ⅎ ⅎ Turned F Claudian letters
fn Fen Claudian letters
ꟻ Epigraphic letter reversed F  
ꬵ Lenis F Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꬵn Lenis Fen Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
Ᵹ ᵹ Insular G Used in a variety of phonetic contexts[2]
Ꟑ ꟑ ᫌ Closed insular G Used in Ormulum for voiced velar stop[10]
Ɡ ɡ ᶢ Script G Voiced velar stop[7]
ꬶ Script G with crossed-tail Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
𝼁 Reversed script g Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for disordered speech (extIPA)[11][12]
ɢ 𐞒 Small capital G IPA (Voiced uvular stop); UPA (partially devoiced velar stop); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
ᵷ Turned G letter for translating the Georgian letter გ
𝼂 Small capital turned G ExtIPA (upper pharyngeal stop)[11]
⅁ Turned sans-serif capital G
⅁0 Turned sans-serif capital Gty
⅁ Turned sans-serif capital G
Ꝿ ꝿ Turned insular G Used by William Pryce to designate the velar nasal (IPA: ŋ)[2]
Ɣ ɣ ˠ Gamma IPA (voiced velar fricative); Dagbani, Dinka, Ewe, Ikposo, Kabiyé, Kabyle, Kpelle, Tuareg, Wakhi cf. Greek: Γγ
Ƣ ƣ Gha Tatar (Jaꞑalif script); Azerbaijani
ʜ 𐞖 Small capital H IPA (voiceless epiglottal fricative); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
Ƕ ƕ Hwair Gothic
Ⱶ ⱶ Heta Claudian letters; cf. Greek: Ⱶⱶ
Ꟶ ꟶ Reversed half h Epigraphic letter used in Roman inscriptions from the Roman provinces of Gaul[13]
Ꜧ ꜧ ꭜ Heng Juhuri, Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology;[3] cf. Cyrillic: Ӈ ӈ
ı Dotless I Turkish, Azerbaijani, and other Turkic languages; Thai transliteration
Ɪ ɪ ᶦ Small capital I IPA (near-close near-front unrounded vowel); capital form used in Unifon and for Gabonese orthographies[14]
ꟾ Epigraphic letter I Longa Latin long i /iː/ in epigraphic style
ꟷ Sideways I Epigraphic variant of I used in early medieval Celtic inscriptions[7]
ᴉ ᵎ Turned i Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ᵻ ᶧ Small capital I with stroke IPA (English near-close central unrounded vowel, or schwa (Oxford University Press dictionary convention))
Ɩ ɩ ᶥ Iota Bissa, Kabye; cf. Greek: Ɩ ɩ
J ȷ Dotless j Old High German
ᴊ Small capital J Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
K Kelvin sign Kelvin unit of measure temperature; character decomposition is a capital K
ᴋ Small capital K Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
Ʞ ʞ Turned K IPA (proposed symbol for velar click; withdrawn 1970 as articulation judged impossible)
𝼃 Reversed k ExtIPA oraldorsal stop[11]
𝼐 Small capital turned K IPA (proposed symbol for generic consonants); generic click phoneme[15][12]
ʟ ᶫ Small capital L IPA (velar lateral approximant); UPA (voiced alveolar lateral)
Ꝇ ꝇ Broken L Medieval Nordic consonant (IPA: /lː/)[8]
ᴌ Small capital L with stroke Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ꬸ L with double middle tilde Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꬹ L with middle ring Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꬷ ꭝ L with inverted lazy S Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꝲ Lum  
Ꞁ ꞁ Turned L Used by William Pryce to designate the Welsh voiced lateral spirant (IPA: /ɬ/)[2]
⅃ Reversed sans-serif capital L
ᴍ Small capital M UPA (voiceless bilabial nasal)[1]
ᴍ Smaller capital M UPA (voiceless bilabial nasal)[1]
ᴍ Smallest capital M UPA (voiceless bilabial nasal)[1]
ᴍ Smallester capital M UPA (voiceless bilabial nasal)[1]
ꬺ M with crossed-tail Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꟽ Epigraphic letter inverted M  
ꟿ Epigraphic letter archaic M  
ꝳ Mum Medieval abbreviation[8]
ɴ ᶰ Small capital N IPA (uvular nasal); UPA (voiceless alveolar nasal)[1]
ᴎ ᴻ Reversed N UPA (voiceless velar nasal); cf. Cyrillic: И и
ꬻ N with crossed-tail Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꝴ Num Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ŋ ŋ ᵑ Eng Iñupiat, Northern and Skolt, IPA (velar nasal). It was used in the Zhuang language from 1957 to 1986.
ꬼ Eng with crossed-tail Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
𝼔 Eng with palatal hook Used in phonetic transcription[16][12]
𝼇 Reversed eng ExtIPA (velodorsal nasal stop)[11]
ᴏ Small capital O Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ᴑ Sideways O Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
Ꟁ ꟁ Old Polish o [17]
Ø ø Young Polish o [18]
ꬽ Blackletter O Jakob Vetsch's and Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꬾ Blackletter O with stroke Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
Ɔ ɔ ᵓ Open O IPA (open-mid back rounded vowel). Used in African languages Aghem, Akan, Bafia, Baka, Bariba, Bambara, Baoulé, Bassa, Boko, Dii, Dinka, Duala, Dyula, Ewe, Ewondo, Ikposo, Kako, Kemezung, Kwanja, Lika, Lingala, Maasai, Mandi, Manenguba, Mangbetu, Mbelime, Medumba, Mundani, Nawdm, Ngiemboon, Ngomba, NAwdmNoni, Nuer, Nyang, Pana, Pinyin language, Tigon, Turka, Wuzlam, Yambasa, and Yoruba (Benin).
ᴐ Small capital open O Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ꬿ Open O with stroke Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ᴒ Sideways open O Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ᴖ ᵔ Top half O Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ᴗ ᵕ Bottom half O Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
Ꞷ ꞷ Omega
ɷ 𐞤 Closed omega IPA (rejected symbol for near-close near-back rounded vowel); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
Ȣ ȣ Ou Ligature of Latin o and u
ᴕ ᴽ Small capital Ou UPA (a back vowel of uncertain quality)[1]
ᴕ́ ᴽ́ Small capital Ou With Acute UPA (a back vowel of uncertain quality)[1]
ᴘ Small capital P Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ꟼ Epigraphic letter reversed P  
ɸ ᶲ Phi IPA (voiceless bilabial fricative); cf. Greek: Φ φ
ⱷ Tailless phi UPA
ĸ Kra Nunatsiavummiut dialect of Inuktitut in Canada, formerly Kalaallisut language of Greenland; cf. Greek: Κ κ[2]
ꞯ Small capital Q Japanese linguistics[19]
𐞥 Superscript small q Used as a superscript IPA letter[6]
Ꞃ ꞃ ᫍ Insular R Variant of r;[8][2] Used in Ormulum[10]
Ʀ ʀ 𐞪 Yr (small capital R) IPA (uvular trill); Old Norse, Alutiiq; Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
Ꝛ ꝛ R rotunda Variant of r[8]
Ꝛa ꝛa R rotundaa Variant of r[8]
Ꝛe ꝛe R rotunde Variant of r[8]
ᴙ Small capital reversed R IPA (nonstandard symbol for epiglottal trill); Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[1] cf. Cyrillic: Я я
ꭆ Small capital R with right leg Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ɹ ʴ Turned R IPA (alveolar approximant)
ᴚ Small capital turned R IPA (obsolete symbol for voiceless uvular fricative); Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ʁ ʶ Small capital inverted R IPA (voiced uvular fricative)
ꭉ R with crossed-tail Anthropos phonetic transcription system[3]
ꭇ R without handle Otto Bremer’s phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭈ Double R Anthropos phonetic transcription system[3]
ꭈr Triple R Anthropos phonetic transcription system[3]
ꭈꭈ Quadruple R Anthropos phonetic transcription system[3]
ꭊ Double R with crossed-tail Anthropos phonetic transcription system[3]
ꭋ Script R Otto Bremer's or Teuthonista phonetic transcription systems for German dialectology;[3] Dania transcription; Swedish Dialect Alphabet
ꭌ Script R with ring Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭌa Script R with ring-a Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭅ Stirrup R Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
Ꙉ ꙉ ⷸ Djerv Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꝵ Rum Medieval abbreviation[8]
ꝶ Small capital rum Medieval abbreviation; cf. the medical abbreviation ℞[8]
Ꝝ ꝝ Rum rotunda Medieval abbreviation[8]
ſ Long S Former letter of the English, German, Sorbian, and Latvian alphabets
Ꟊ ꟊ S with short stroke overlay Used for tau gallicum in Gaulish[9]
Ꞅ ꞅ Insular S Variant of s[8][2]
Ƨ ƨ Reversed S (=Tone two) A letter used in the Zhuang language from 1957 to 1986 to indicate its second tone, cf. Cyrillic: Ꙅ ꙅ
ꜱ Small capital S Medievalist addition[8]
Ꟗ ꟗ Middle Scots s Used in Middle Scots[20]
Ꟙ ꟙ Sigmoid S Palaeographic addition[21]
Ʃ ʃ ᶴ Esh IPA (voiceless postalveolar fricative); Ewe language; cf. Greek: Σ σ,ς
ꭍ Baseline Esh Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ƪ Reversed Esh loop IPA (obsolete: labialized voiceless postalveolar fricative; modern: [ʃʷ])
ʅ Squat reversed esh IPA (obsolete: syllabic retroflex approximant; modern: [ɻ̩])
Ꞇ ꞇ ᫎ Insular T Used by William Pryce to designate the voiceless dental fricative [θ];[2] Used in Ormulum[10]
ᴛ Small capital T Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ꝷ Tum Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ʇ ʇ Turned T IPA (obsolete: tenuis dental click)
𝼍 Turned t with curl Used by Douglas Beach for a nasal click in his phonetic description of Khoekhoe[15][12]
ᴜ ᶸ Small capital U Former IPA representation for near-close near-back rounded vowel
ᴝ ᵙ Sideways U Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ᴞ Sideways U with diaeresis Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ꭒ ꭟ U with left hook Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology;[3] Rousselot-Gilliéron transcription system for Gallo-Romance dialectology
ꭎ U with short right leg Otto Bremer's and Jakob Vetsch's phonetic transcription systems for German dialectology[3]
ꭏ U bar with short right leg Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭏo U bar with short right legty Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
Ɥ ɥ ᶣ Turned H IPA (labial-palatal approximant); Dan / Gio orthography in Liberia; cf. Cyrillic: Ч ч
Ɥ0 ɥo ᶣᵒ Turned Hty IPA (labial-palatal approximant); Dan / Gio orthography in Liberia; cf. Cyrillic: Ч ч
Ɯ ɯ Sha IPA (Close back unrounded vowel); Zhuang (1957–1986); cf. Cyrillic: Ш ш
ꟺ ᵚ Small capital turned M  
Ѡ Ѿ Ꙍ Ѽ ѡ ѿ ꙍ ѽ Latin Cyrillic Omega  
Ѡ꙼ Ѿ꙼ Ꙍ꙼ Ѽ꙼ ѡ꙼ ѿ꙼ ꙍ꙼ ѽ꙼ Latin Cyrillic Omega With Breve  
ᴟ Sideways turned M Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
Ʊ ʊ ᶷ Upsilon IPA (near-close near-back rounded vowel); African languages Anii, Anyin, Foodo, Kabiyé, Konni, Lukpa, Tem, Yom; cf. Greek: Υ υ
ᴠ Small capital V Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ᴠa Small capital Va Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ᴠe Small capital Ve Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
Ỽ ỽ Middle Welsh V Medieval Welsh[8]
Ʌ ʌ ᶺ Turned V IPA (open-mid back unrounded vowel); Ch'ol, Naninka, Northern Tepehuán, Temne, Wounaan
ᴡ Small capital W Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
Ꟃ ꟃ Anglicana W Middle English, medieval Cornish[22]
ʍ Turned W IPA (voiceless labio-velar approximant)
ꭩ Modifier letter small turned w Used in linguistic transcriptions of Scots[23]
ꭖ X with low right ring Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭗ X with long left leg Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭘ X with long left leg and low right ring Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭙ X with long left leg with serif Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭙa X with long left leg with serifa Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭙ̃ X with long left leg with serif and tilde Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]
ꭙ̆ X with long left leg with serif and breve Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]Template:Citation needed span
ꭙ̆̃ X with long left leg with serif and breve and tilde Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]Template:Citation needed span
ꭙ̆ʰ X with long left leg with serif and breve-raised h Teuthonista phonetic transcription system for German dialectology[3]Template:Citation needed span
ʏ 𐞲 Small capital Y IPA (near-close near-front rounded vowel); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
ꭚ Y with short right leg Otto Bremer's phonetic transcription system for German dialectology;[3] Swedish Dialect Alphabet
ʎ 𐞠 Turned y IPA (palatal lateral approximant); Maltese (before 1946); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
𝼆 𐞡 Turned y with belt Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for disordered speech (extIPA);[11][12] Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[11][12]
⅄ Turned sans-serif capital Y
ƍ Turned delta IPA (obsolete and nonstandard: labialized voiced alveolo-dental fricative; modern: [ðʷ, zʷ]
ᴢ Small capital Z UPA (partially devoiced alveolar fricative)
Ꝣ ꝣ Visigothic Z Medieval Ibero-Romance[8]
Ꝣ0 ꝣo Visigothic Zty Medieval Ibero-Romance[8]
Ʒ ʒ ᶾ Ezh IPA (voiced postalveolar fricative); Skolt Sámi, Ewe language
Ǯ ǯ ᶾ̌ Ezh With Caron IPA (voiced postalveolar fricative); Skolt Sámi, Ewe language
Ʒ0 ʒo ᶾᵒ Ezhty IPA (voiced postalveolar fricative); Skolt Sámi, Ewe language
ᴣ Small capital Ezh Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ᴣ̌ Small capital Ezh With Caron Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
Ƹ ƹ Ezh reversed IPA (obsolete)
Ȝ ȝ Yogh Middle English
Ѣ ѣ ꭠ Sakha Yat Yakut (historical)[24]
Þ þ Thorn Old English, Icelandic
ꟓ Double thorn Used in Ormulum[10]
Ƿ ƿ Wynn Old English
ǷǷ ƿƿ Super Wynn Old English
ꟕ Double wynn Used in Ormulum[10]
Ꝩ ꝩ Vend Medieval Nordic phoneme /v/ or /u/[8]
Ꝩ0 ꝩo Vendty Medieval Nordic phoneme /v/ or /u/[8]
Ꝫ ꝫ Et Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ꝭ ꝭ Is Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ꝭ̀ ꝭ̀ Nuditation Is Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ꝭϣ ꝭϣ Ishei Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ꝭϫ ꝭϫ Isjinja Medieval abbreviation[8]
😀 Grinning Face Medieval abbreviation[8]
😃 Grinning Face With Big Eyes Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ꝯ ꝯ Con Medieval abbreviation[8]
ꝰ Us Medieval abbreviation[8]
ꝸ Um Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⲣ ⲣ Rooster Medieval abbreviation[8]
⳨ Nuditation Rooster Medieval abbreviation[8]
⳥ Rooster Men Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳝ ⳝ Domy Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ϣ ϣ Shei Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ь ь Soft Sign Russian[8]
Ь0 ьo Soft Signty Russian[8]
Ы ы Soft Sign With I Russian[8]
Ы0 ыo Soft Sign With Ity Russian[8]
ЫI ыı Soft Sign With Double I Russian[8]
Ъ ъ Hard Sign Russian[8]
Ъ0 ъo Hard Signty Russian[8]
Ꙏ ꙏ Netarul Sign Russian[8]
Ѣ ѣ Yat Old Russian[8]
Ѣ0 ѣo Yaty Old Church Slavnoic[8]
Ϣꝫ ϣꝫ Shei Et Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ϣȝ ϣȝ Shei Yogh Medieval abbreviation[8]
Rꝫ rꝫ Ret Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ϥ ϥ Fei Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ϧ ϧ Hori Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳉ ⳉ Nuditation Hori Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳳ ⳳ Abysimal Hori Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳃ ⳃ Abysimal Shei Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳃ́ ⳃ́ Abysimal Shei With Acute Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳃ꙽ ⳃ꙽ Abysimal Shei With Cyrillic Breveacute Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳃ̈ ⳃ̈ Abysimal Shei With Diarises Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳃ҇ ⳃ҇ Abysimal Shei With Tilitos Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳃ̑ ⳃ̑ Abysimal Shei With Lented Breve Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳃ🤐 ⳃ🤐 Abysimal Shei During Zipper Mouth Face Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳃ🫨 ⳃ🫨 Abysimal Shei During Shaking Face Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ϫ ϫ Janja Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ϫ̈ ϫ̈ Abysmal Janja Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ϭ ϭ Chima Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳟ ⳟ Nudiation Chima Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ⳟ́ ⳟ́ Ejaculation Chima Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ϯ ϯ Tee Medieval abbreviation[8]
Ꜫ ꜫ Tresillo Mayan ejective uvular stop /qʼ/
Ꜭ ꜭ Cuatrillo Mayan ejective velar stop /kʼ/
Ꜭꜫ ꜭꜫ Cuatresillo Mayan ejective velar stop /kʼ/
Ꜯ ꜯ Cuatrillo with comma Mayan ejective alveolar affricate /tsʼ/
Ꜯꜫ ꜯꜫ Cuatresillo with comma Mayan ejective alveolar affricate /tsʼ/
Ƽ ƽ Tone five A letter used in the Zhuang language from 1957 to 1986 to indicate its fifth tone
Ƽ0 ƽo Tone fifty A letter used in the Zhuang language from 1957 to 1986 to indicate its fifth tone
Ƽ1 ƽı Tone fifty-one A letter used in the Zhuang language from 1957 to 1986 to indicate its fifth tone Ƅ ƅ Tone six Zhuang (1957–1986: sixth tone)
Ƽ6 ƽb Tone fifty-six A letter used in the Zhuang language from 1957 to 1986 to indicate its fifth tone
Ɂ ɂ ʔ Glottal stop IPA; Canadian aboriginal orthographies
Ɂ0 ɂo ʔO Glottal stopty IPA; Canadian aboriginal orthographies
Ꜣ ꜣ Egyptological alef  
Ꜣ0 ꜣo Egyptological alefty  
Ꞌ ꞌ Saltillo Glottal stop in some orthographies in Mexico and Nigeria
Ꞌ0 ꞌo Saltilloty Glottal stop in some orthographies in Mexico and Nigeria
ꞋꞋ ꞌꞌ Shopo Glottal stop in some orthographies in Mexico and Nigeria
ꞋꞋ0 ꞌꞌo Shopo Glottal stop in some orthographies in Mexico and Nigeria
ꞏ Middle dot Letter representing glottal stop in the sinological tradition (this is not the same character as the middle dot punctuation mark)[25]
ʕ ˤ Reversed glottal stop IPA (voiced pharyngeal fricative)
ᴤ Voiced laryngeal spirant Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ᴤ̀ Voiced nudity spirant Extended Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
ᴥ ᵜ Ain Uralic Phonetic Alphabet[1]
Ꜥ ꜥ Egyptological ain  
ʖ Inverted glottal stop IPA (lateral click)
ʖĸ Inverted glottal stop with kra IPA (lateral kra)
ǀ 𐞶 Dental click IPA (dental click); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
ǁ 𐞷 Lateral click IPA (lateral click); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
ǃ Alveolar click IPA (alveolar click)
! Exclamation mark IPA (alveolar click)
¡ Inverted Exclamation mark Spanish IPA (Inverted alveolar click)
? Question mark IPA (none)
¿ Inverted Question mark Spanish IPA (none)
‽ Interrobang IPA (none split alveolar click)
ǂ 𐞸 Palatal click IPA (palatal click); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
ʗ Stretched C IPA (alveolar click)
ʗ̀ Stretched C With Acute IPA (Coupen Team)
𝼏 Stretched c with curl Used by Douglas Beach for a nasal click in his phonetic description of Khoekhoe[15][12]
𝼊 𐞹 Retroflex click with retroflex hook Used to transcribe a retroflex click;[15][12] Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
ʘ 𐞵 Bilabial clicks (bullseye) IPA (bilabial click); Superscript form is an IPA superscript letter[6]
ʬ Bilabial percussive  
ʭ Bidental percussive  
Ꞛ ꞛ Volapük AE Volapük (archaic)[26]
Ꞝ ꞝ Volapük OE Volapük (archaic)[26]
Ꞟ ꞟ Volapük UE Volapük (archaic)[26]
Ꞟ̀ ꞟ̀ Volapük ÙE Volapük (archaic)[26]
Ꞟ́ ꞟ́ Volapǘk UE Volapük (archaic)[26]
Ꞟ̀́ ꞟ̀́ Volapük ÙE Volapük (archaic)[26]
Ꞟ̀͡ ꞟ̀͡ V̀olapük ÙE V̀olapük (archaic)[26]

QuotesEdit

  • Latin is a dead language, As dead as it can be; It killed the ancient Romans, And now is killing me.
    • Common phrase recited by Latin students. Originally appeared on 20 June 1909 in the Los Angeles Sunday Herald, Junior Section, pg. 7, col. 4
  • Often, what is not collected becomes lost or at least unappreciated. This principle holds true to an extent for the neglect that all of Medieval Latin literature has suffered in publishing over the past century. Classical Latin literature has been gathered into series, which, although not always as inexpensive as potential users might wish, are nonetheless affordable. Consider the rows of blue-backed Oxford Classical Texts or the serried red ranks of the Latin volumes in the Loeb Classical Library.

External linksEdit

 
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  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS (2002-03-20). Retrieved on 2015-12-27.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Everson, Michael (2006-08-06). L2/06-266: Proposal to add Latin letters and a Greek symbol to the UCS.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Revised proposal to encode 'Teuthonista' phonetic characters in the UCS (2011-06-02). Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "N4081" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "N4081" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "N4081" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "N4081" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "N4081" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Proposal for Two Phonetic Characters (2012-07-12).
  5. ↑ Proposal to encode two phonetic characters and two Shona characters (2007-11-22).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named L220252
  7. ↑ a b c d Proposal for the addition of five Latin characters to the UCS (2012-02-08).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq Michael Everson (2005-08-02). Preliminary proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS. Retrieved on 2015-12-27.
  9. ↑ a b L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish (2019-05-26).
  10. ↑ a b c d e Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named n5043
  11. ↑ a b c d e f Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named L220116
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named L221021
  13. ↑ L2/19-092: Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed Half H (2019-03-25).
  14. ↑ Proposal for the addition of ten Latin characters to the UCS. Unicode Consortium (26 July 2012). Retrieved on 2016-06-26.
  15. ↑ a b c d L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters (2020-07-10).
  16. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named L220125
  17. ↑ Bunčić, Daniel (2021-01-12). L2/21-039: Proposal to include the letter 'Old Polish O'.
  18. ↑ Bunčić, Daniel (2021-01-12). L2/21-039: Proposal to include the letter 'Old Polish O'.
  19. ↑ Barmeier, Severin (10 October 2015), L2/15-241: Proposal to encode Latin small capital letter Q 
  20. ↑ Everson, Michael (2019-04-25). L2/19-180R: Proposal to add two characters for Middle Scots to the UCS.
  21. ↑ Proposal to add two SIGMOID S characters for medieval palaeography to the UCS (2020-10-01).
  22. ↑ Everson, Michael (2017-07-26). L2/17-238: Proposal to add LATIN LETTER ANGLICANA W to the UCS.
  23. ↑ Everson, Michael (2019-05-05). L2/19-075R: Proposal to add six phonetic characters for Scots to the UCS.
  24. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 12044R
  25. ↑ West, Andrew (5 October 2009). Rationale for Encoding Latin Letter Middle Dot. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved on 2015-12-27.
  26. ↑ a b c d e f g Unicode chart for Latin Extended-D. Unicode Consortium (2016).
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