Xavier Bichat
French anatomist and pathologist (1771–1802)
Marie François Xavier Bichat (14 November 1771 – 22 July 1802) was a French anatomist and pathologist, known as the father of modern histology. Although he worked without a microscope, Bichat distinguished 21 types of elementary tissues from which the organs of the human body are composed.
Quotes
edit- On cherche dans des considérations abstraites la définition de la vie ; on la trouvera, je crois, dans cet aperçu général : la vie est l'ensemble des fonctions qui résistent à la mort.
Tel est en effet le mode d'existence des corps vivans, que tout ce qui les entoure tend à les détruire.- One seeks the definition of life in abstract considerations: it will be found, I believe, in this general insight: life is that group of functions which resist death.
The mode of existence of living bodies is such in effect, that all which surrounds them tends to destroy them.- Recherches Physiologiques sur la Vie et la Mort (1800)
- Translation: Psychological medicine. 7. 1977. p. 378.
- One seeks the definition of life in abstract considerations: it will be found, I believe, in this general insight: life is that group of functions which resist death.
- On dirait que le végétal est l'ébauche, le canevas de l'animal, et que, pour former ce dernier, il n'a fallu que revêtir ce canevas d'un appareil d'organes extérieurs, propres à établir des relations.
Il résulte de là que les fonctions de l'animal forment deux classes très-distinctes. Les unes se composent d'une succession habituelle d'assimilation et d'excrétion ; par elles il transforme sans cesse en sa propre substance les molécules des corps voisins, et rejette ensuite ces molécules, lorsqu'elles lui sont devenues hétérogènes. Il ne vit qu'en lui, par cette classe de fonctions ; par l'autre il existe hors de lui : il est l'habitant du monde, et non, comme le végétal, du lieu qui le vit naître. Il sent et aperçoit ce qui l'entoure, réfléchit ses sensations, se meut volontairement d'après leur influenc, et le plus souvent peut communiquer par la voix, ses désirs et ses craintes, ses plaisirs ou ses peines.
J'appelle vie organique l'ensemble des fonctions de la première classe, parce que tous les êtres organisés, végétaux ou animaux, en jouissent à un degré plus ou moins marqué, et que la texture organique est la seule condition nécessaire à son exercice. Les fonctions réunies de la seconde classe forment la vie animale, ainsi nommée, parce qu'elle est l'attribut exclusif du règne animal.- One might almost say that the plant is the framework, the foundation, of the animal, and that to form the animal it sufficed to cover this foundation with a system of organs fitted to establish relations with the world outside.
It follows that the functions of the animal form two quite distinct classes. One class consists in a continual succession of assimilation and excretion; through these functions the animal incessantly transforms into its own substance the molecules of surrounding bodies, later to reject these molecules when they have become heterogenous to it. Through this first class of functions the animal exists only within itself; through the other class it exists outside; it is an inhabitant of the world, and not, like the plant, of the place which saw its birth. The animal feels and perceives its surroundings, reflects its sensations, moves of its own will under their influence, and, as a rule, can communicate by its voice its desires and its fears, its pleasures or its pains.
I call organic life the sum of the functions of the former class, for all organised creatures, plants or animals, possess them to a more or less marked degree, and organised structure is the sole condition necessary to their exercise. The combined functions of the second class form the 'animal' life, so named because it is the exclusive attribute of the animal kingdom.- Recherches Physiologiques sur la Vie et la Mort (1800)
- Translation: Russell, E. S. (1916). Form and Function: A Contribution to the History of Animal Morphology. London. p. 28.
- One might almost say that the plant is the framework, the foundation, of the animal, and that to form the animal it sufficed to cover this foundation with a system of organs fitted to establish relations with the world outside.
Quotes about Bichat
edit- Bichat vient de mourir sur un champ de bataille qui compte aussi plus d'une victime ; personne en si peu de temps n'a fait tant de choses et si bien.
- Bichat has fallen on a field of battle which numbers many a victim; no one has done in the same time so much and so well.
- Jean-Nicolas Corvisart to Napoleon Bonaparte
- Translation: Rose, Hugh James (1857). A New General Biographical Dictionary. IV. London. p. 226.
- Bichat has fallen on a field of battle which numbers many a victim; no one has done in the same time so much and so well.