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Aryabhata

Indian mathematician-astronomer

Aryabhata (Sanskrit: आर्यभट; IAST: Āryabhaṭa) or Aryabhata I (476–550 CE) was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy. His works include the Āryabhaṭīya (499 CE, when he was 23 years old) and the Arya-siddhanta.

Aryabhata first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy

Quotes edit

  • caturadhikam śatamaṣṭaguṇam dvāṣaṣṭistathā sahasrāṇām
    ayutadvayaviṣkambhasyāsanno vṛttapariṇāhaḥ.
  • Translates to: Add four to 100, multiply by eight, and then add 62,000. By this rule the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 20,000 can be approached. Thus according to the rule ((4 + 100) × 8 + 62000)/20000 = 62832/20000 = 3.1416, which is accurate to five significant figures.
  • tribhujasya phalashariram samadalakoti bhujardhasamvargah
  • Translates to: for a triangle, the result of a perpendicular with the half-side is the area.
    • In: Arijit Roy “The Enigma of Creation and Destruction”, p. 27 from the Ganitapada, quoted in "The Enigma of Creation and Destruction".

About Aryabhata edit

 
His value of π is a very close approximation to the modern value and the most accurate among those of the ancients. There are reasons to believe that he devised a particular method for finding this value....
  • His value of π is a very close approximation to the modern value and the most accurate among those of the ancients. There are reasons to believe that he devised a particular method for finding this value. It is shown with sufficient grounds that he himself used it, and several later Indian mathematicians and even the Arabs adopted it. The conjecture that Aryabhata's value of π is of Greek origin is critically examined and is found to be without foundation. He discovered this value independently and also realised that π is an irrational number. He had the Indian background, no doubt, but excelled all his predecessors in evaluating π. Thus the credit of discovering this exact value of π may be ascribed to the celebrated mathematician, Aryabhata I.
    • P Jha, Aryabhata I and the value of π, Math. Ed. (Siwan) 16 (3) (1982), 54-59, quoted in: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson Aryabhata the Elder, School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland
    • Aryabhata is also known as Aryabhata I to distinguish him from the later mathematician of the same name who lived about 400 years later.
  • ... it is extremely likely that Aryabhata knew the sign for zero and the numerals of the place value system. This supposition is based on the following two facts: first, the invention of his alphabetical counting system would have been impossible without zero or the place-value system; secondly, he carries out calculations on square and cubic roots which are impossible if the numbers in question are not written according to the place-value system and zero.
    • G Ifrah, in "A universal history of numbers : From prehistory to the invention of the computer" quoyed in in: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson "Aryabhata the Elder".
  • He gave more elegant rules for the sum of the squares and cubes of an initial segment of the positive integers. The sixth part of the product of three quantities consisting of the number of terms, the number of terms plus one, and twice the number of terms plus one is the sum of the squares. The square of the sum of the series is the sum of the cubes.
  • His work, called Aryabhatiya, is composed of three parts, in only the first of which use is made of a special notation of numbers. It is an alphabetical system in which the twenty-five consonants represent 1-25, respectively; other letters stand for 30, 40, …., 100 etc. The other mathematical parts of Aryabhatiya consists of rules without examples. Another alphabetic system prevailed in Southern India, the numbers 1-19 being designated by consonants, etc.
  • The greatest of Hindu astronomers and mathematicians, Aryabhata, discussed in verse such poetic subjects as quadratic equations, sines, and the value of π; he explained eclipses, solstices and equinoxes, announced the sphericity of the earth and its diurnal revolution on its axis, and wrote, in daring anticipation of Renaissance science: “The sphere of the stars is stationary, and the earth, by its revolution, produces the daily rising and setting of planets and stars.”
  • The Hindus were not so successful in geometry. In the measurement and construction of altars the priests formulated the Pythagorean theorem (by which the square of the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle equals the sum of the squares of the other sides) several hundred years before the birth of Christ. Aryabhata, probably influenced by the Greeks, found the area of a triangle, a trapezium and a circle, and calculated the value of π (the relation of diameter to circumference in a circle) at 3.1416—a figure not equaled in accuracy until the days of Purbach (1423-61) in Europe. Bhaskara crudely anticipated the differential calculus, Aryabhata drew up a table of sines, and the Surya Siddhanta provided a system of trigonometry more advanced than anything known to the Greeks.

Aryabhata : His Name, Time And Provenance edit

K. V. Sarma in: http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b67_105.pdf. Aryabhaia : His Name, Time And Provenance], Indian Journal of History of Science, 20 September 2001

  • Aryabhata is acknowledged as one of the astute astronomers of early India. His school of astronomy is well known and widespread all over India, especially in the South...Of late there is a tendency to spell his name as “Aryabhatta”. While Aryabhata himself mentions Kali 3600 to be the date of his composing the work, some say that Kali 3600 is the date of his birth. A view has been broached that Aryabhata hailed from Kerala.
    • In p. 105
 
Aryabhatta I.
  • He mentions his name at three places only as “Aryabhata”, towards the beginning and ending Verses of his work Aryabhatiya,
    • In, p. 106.
  • He gives a clue to his date of birth in his Aryabhatiya... The date works out to the end of the Kali year 3600, corresponding to the Saka year 421, the date being 21 March 499 ...and that he composed the Aryabhatiya when he was 25 years old, i.e. in Saka 444 or AD 522. Page 4
    • In, P.108-109.
  • The second reason adduced, viz., that Aryabhata should have hailed from Kerala is fragile. Besides the Aryabhatan system being prevalent in this land,-“all” commentaries on Aryabhaflya have been produced by Kerala astronomers really does not stand scrutiny.
    • In, p. 111.

Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures edit

In: R.C. Gupta Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Springer Science & Business Media]

  • His fame rests mainly on his Aryabhatiya, but from the writings of Varahamihira (Sixth century AD), Bhaskara I, and Brahmagupta (seventh century) it is clear that earlier he composed the Aryabhata Siddhantha (voluminous) is not extant. It is also called Ardharatrika Siddhanta, because in it the civil days were reckoned from one midnight to the next; 34 verses on astronomical instruments from this have been quoted by Ramakrishna Aradya.
    • In, p. 244.
  • Aryabhatiya, an improved work, is product of mature intellect, which he wrote when he was 23 years old. Unlike in the Aryabhata siddhanta, the civil days are reckoned from one sunrise to the next, a practice which is still prevalent among the followers of Hindu calendar.
    • In, p. 244.
  • An Arabic translation of the Aryabhatiya entitled Zij-al-Arjabar (800 AD) is attributed to Ahwazi.
 
Use of better planetary parameters, the innovations in astronomical methods, and the concise style of exposition of Aryabhatiya makes it an excellent text book on Astronomy. As opposed to the geostationary theory, Aryahabata held the view that the earth rotates on its axis. His estimate of the period of the sidereal rotation of earth was 23 hours 56 min, and 4.1 s is close to the actual value.
  • Use of better planetary parameters, the innovations in astronomical methods, and the concise style of exposition of Aryabhatiya makes it an excellent text book on Astronomy. As opposed to the geostationary theory, Aryahabata held the view that the earth rotates on its axis. His estimate of the period of the sidereal rotation of earth was 23 hours 56 min, and 4.1 s is close to the actual value.
    • In, p. 254.
  • He was the father of the Indian cyclic astronomy which resulted in the planetary theory that determines more accurately the true positions and distances of the planets (including the Sun and the Moon)...was also the first to produce celestial latitudes...proposed the scientific cause of eclipses as against the mythological demon Rahu [Moon's node]. His ideas resulted in the new school of Indian Astronomy – the Aryapasha ((Aryabhata School) based on the text of Aryabhatiya.
    • In p. 244.
  • The peculiar system of alphabetic numerals evolved by him with 33 consonants of the Sanskrit alphabet (Nagari script) denoted various numbers in conjunction with vowels which themselves did not represent any numerical value. For example khyughr (=khu+yu+ghr) is denoted by 2x100 +30x100^2+4x10^3 =4300,000 which is the number of revolutions of the Sun in a yuga (epoch)
    • In, p. 245.
  • The development of Indian trigonometry, based on sine as against chord of the Greeks, a necessity for astronomical calculations with his own concise notation which expresses the full sine table in just one couplet for easy remembrance. One of the two methods suggested by him for the sine table is based on the property that the second order sine differences were proportional to sines themselves.
    • In, P.245.
  • In geometry his greatest achievement was an accurate value of π. His rule is stated as: dn^2+(2a-d)n=2s, which implies the approximation 3.1416 which is correct to the last decimal place.
    • In, p. 245.

Aryabhata I edit

 
The apparent motion of the Sun along the ecliptic (red) - With Kala-kriya he turned to astronomy — in particular, treating planetary motion along the ecliptic.

Takao Hayashi in: Aryabhata I, Encyclopædia Britannica

  • ...he flourished in Kusumapura—near Patalipurta (Patna), then the capital of the Gupta dynasty — where he composed at least two works, Aryabhatiya (c. 499) and the now lost Aryabhatasiddhanta. Aryabhatasiddhanta circulated mainly in the northwest of India and, through the Sāsānian dynasty (224–651) of Iran, had a profound influence on the development of Islamic astronomy. Its contents are preserved to some extent in the works of Varahamihira (flourished c. 550), Bhaskara I (flourished c. 629), Brahmagupta (598–c. 665), and others. It is one of the earliest astronomical works to assign the start of each day to midnight.
  • Aryabhatiya...written in verse couplets ...contains astronomical tables and Aryabhata’s system of phonemic number notation, the work is characteristically divided into three sections: Ganita (“Mathematics”), Kala-kriya (“Time Calculations”), and Gola (“Sphere”).
  • In Ganita, he names the first 10 decimal places and gives algorithms for obtaining square and cubic roots, utilizing the decimal number system. Then he treats geometric measurements — employing 62,832/20,000 (= 3.1416) for π—and develops properties of similar right-angled triangles and of two intersecting circles.
  • With Kala-kriya he turned to astronomy — in particular, treating planetary motion along the ecliptic. The topics include definitions of various units of time, eccentric and epicyclic models of planetary motion (see Hipparchus for earlier Greek models), planetary longitude corrections for different terrestrial locations, and a theory of “lords of the hours and days” (an astrological concept used for determining propitious times for action).

External links edit

 
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